Skip to main content

Difference between Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission

Asynchronous transmission uses start and stop bits to signify the beginning bit ASCII character would actually be transmitted using 10 bits e.g.: A "0100 0001" would become "1 0100 0001 0". The extra one (or zero depending on parity bit) at the start and end of the transmission tells the receiver first that a character is coming and secondly that the character has ended. This method of transmission is used when data is sent intermittently as opposed to in a solid stream. In the previous example the start and stop bits are in bold. The start and stop bits must be of opposite polarity. This allows the receiver to recognize when the second packet of information is being sent.

Synchronous transmission uses no start and stop bits but instead synchronizes transmission speeds at both the receiving and sending end of the transmission using clock signal(s) built into each component. A continual stream of data is then sent between the two nodes. Due to there being no start and stop bits the data transfer rate is quicker although more errors will occur, as the clocks will eventually get out of sync, and the receiving device would have the wrong time that had been agreed in the protocol for sending/receiving data, so some bytes could become corrupted (by losing bits).
Ways to get around this problem include re-synchronization of the clocks and use of check digits to ensure the byte is correctly interpreted and received.

Comments

Popular posts from this blog

How to import Putty Saved Connections to mRemoteNG

Just started using mRemoteNG and its being very cool to connect to different remote connection with different protocols e.g Window Remote Desktop, VNC to Linux, SSH, HTTP connection etc. from a single application. As new user I configured some remote desktop connection which was quite easy to figure out. But when I wanted to add SSH connections, it came in my mind to import all of the saved connections in the putty. But I couldn't figure it out how can it be done, though it was quite easy and here are the steps. Open your mRemoteNG Create a folder if you want segregation of multiple networks Create a new connection Enter the IP address of remote server under connection in Config pane Under the config pane, select protocol " SSH version 2 ".  Once you select protocol to SSH version 2 you are given option to import putty sessions, as shown in the snap below. In the above snap, I have imported CSR-AWS session from my saved sessions in Putty.

BGP Soft Reconfiguration vs. Route Refresh: Key Differences and Best Practices

In BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), managing route updates and reapplying new policies can sometimes be challenging, especially if you want to avoid resetting the BGP session. Two methods allow you to update routing policies without tearing down the session: BGP Soft Reconfiguration and BGP Route Refresh . While both methods serve the same purpose, they work differently and have distinct impacts on your router's resources. This post explains the key differences between Soft Reconfiguration and Route Refresh , when to use each, and why Route Refresh is preferred in most modern networks. 1. What is BGP Soft Reconfiguration? BGP Soft Reconfiguration is an older method of applying new policies (like route maps, filters, or prefix lists) without resetting the BGP session. It works by storing a local copy of all the routes received from a BGP neighbor before applying inbound policies. This local route copy allows the router to reprocess the routes when a policy change occurs. How So...

BGP Local Preference Controlling Outbound Traffic in BGP

In BGP, Local Preference is used to control the outbound traffic path. It helps you decide which egress point (exit point) should be used when you have multiple connections to external networks, such as ISPs. Local Preference is an attribute that is local to your AS and is shared with all iBGP peers but not with eBGP neighbors. Higher Local Preference = More preferred outbound path. Example Scenario : You have two external links: ISP1 (via CE1) and ISP2 (via CE2). You want traffic to prefer ISP1 for all outbound traffic. Network Topology : CE1 (connected to ISP1): 10.0.1.1/30 CE2 (connected to ISP2): 10.0.2.1/30 iBGP Router (Internal) connected to both CE1 (10.0.1.2/30) and CE2 (10.0.2.2/30). Configuration on CE1 (Higher Local Preference) : Create a route map to set the local preference to 200 for routes learned from CE1: route-map SET_LOCAL_PREF permit 10 set local-preference 200 In the BGP configuration for CE1, apply this route map to the neighbor: router bgp 65001 ne...